The Domain Name System (DNS) resolves human-readable domain names into IP addresses. Elaboration: Example: Typing www.example.com in a browser triggers a DNS lookup, which translates it into an IP before connecting.

Subnetting divides a larger IP network into smaller sub-networks for efficient IP allocation and traffic management. Elaboration: Example Calculation: For 192.168.1.0/24, dividing into 4 subnets: nginxCopyEditSubnet 1: 192.168.1.0/26 (64 addresses) Subnet 2: 192.168.1.64/26 (64 addresses) Subnet 3: 192.168.1.128/26 (64 addresses) Subnet 4: 192.168.1.192/26 (64 addresses)

An IP address is a unique numerical identifier assigned to a device in a network, enabling communication and location tracking. Elaboration: IP addresses help in routing and device identification across networks.

The TCP/IP Model is a four-layer communication framework used for internet and network communication. Elaboration: It is a simplified version of the OSI Model: Example: When you send an email, SMTP (Application), TCP (Transport), and IP (Internet) protocols work together to ensure delivery.

The OSI Model is a seven-layer conceptual framework that standardizes how different network devices communicate. Elaboration: Each layer handles a specific networking function: Example: A user loading a website (HTTP) involves multiple OSI layers working together for seamless communication.

A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) connects multiple LANs within a city or metropolitan area, offering high-speed communication services. Elaboration: MANs are larger than LANs but smaller than WANs. They are typically maintained by government agencies, ISPs, or large corporations. Example: A city-wide broadband network that provides public Wi-Fi and internet access in urban areas.

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that spans a large geographic area, often using leased telecommunication lines to connect multiple LANs or MANs. Elaboration: Unlike LANs, which are limited to small areas, WANs connect cities, countries, or even continents. They rely on: Example: WANs often face issues like latency, security risks, and high…

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographical area, such as a home, office, or campus, using wired (Ethernet) or wireless (Wi-Fi) communication. Elaboration: LANs allow fast communication and resource sharing (files, printers, internet access) among connected devices. They have: Example: A school’s computer lab, where…

Network topology refers to the physical or logical arrangement of devices (nodes) and connections (links) in a network. Elaboration: Topology determines how data flows between devices, affects performance, fault tolerance, and scalability, and influences network cost and maintenance. Types of Network Topologies: Different topologies are chosen based on factors like cost, data traffic, redundancy, and…

A network is a system of interconnected devices (computers, servers, routers, etc.) that communicate and share resources through wired or wireless connections using standardized communication protocols. Elaboration: A network allows devices to exchange data, share files, printers, and resources, and connect to the internet. Networking enables communication between computers, mobile phones, IoT devices, and servers…