A natural join is a type of join that automatically matches columns with the same name in both tables and returns rows with equal values. Explanation: Example SQL Natural Join: sqlCopyEditSELECT Employees.name, Departments.department_name FROM Employees NATURAL JOIN Departments; Here, Employees and Departments must have a common column (e.g., department_id). Summary Table Concept Definition Stored Procedure…

A cross join produces the Cartesian product of two tables, returning all possible combinations of rows from both tables. Explanation: Example SQL Cross Join: sqlCopyEditSELECT A.name, B.course_name FROM Students A CROSS JOIN Courses B; This returns every student paired with every course.

A join is an operation in SQL that combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column. Explanation: Joins allow fetching related data across tables. The most common types include: Example INNER JOIN: sqlCopyEditSELECT Employees.name, Departments.department_name FROM Employees INNER JOIN Departments ON Employees.department_id = Departments.department_id;

Relational algebra is a mathematical foundation for relational databases, defining operations to manipulate and retrieve data. Explanation: Relational algebra provides fundamental operations such as: Example in SQL: sqlCopyEditSELECT * FROM Employees WHERE department = ‘HR’; sqlCopyEditSELECT name, salary FROM Employees;

OLAP is a technology that allows users to analyze multidimensional data interactively from different perspectives for business intelligence and decision-making. Explanation: Example OLAP Query (Aggregate Sales by Region and Year): SELECT region, year, SUM(sales) FROM SalesData GROUP BY region, year;

OLTP is a database system that manages transaction-oriented applications, handling multiple short online transactions efficiently. Explanation: Example OLTP Query (Bank Transaction): sqlCopyEditSTART TRANSACTION; UPDATE Accounts SET balance = balance – 500 WHERE account_id = 1; UPDATE Accounts SET balance = balance + 500 WHERE account_id = 2; COMMIT;

Data mining is the process of discovering patterns, correlations, and useful insights from large datasets using statistical, machine learning, and database techniques. Explanation: Example of Association Rule Mining (Market Basket Analysis): If customers buy “bread” and “butter,” they are likely to buy “milk.”

A data warehouse is a central repository of integrated data collected from multiple sources, designed for analysis, reporting, and decision-making. Explanation: Example Architecture:

Backup and recovery refer to the process of creating copies of data (backup) to prevent data loss and restoring data (recovery) in case of system failures, corruption, or accidental deletion. Explanation: Example SQL Backup Command (MySQL): sqlCopyEditBACKUP DATABASE mydb TO DISK = ‘C:\backup\mydb.bak’; Example SQL Restore Command: sqlCopyEditRESTORE DATABASE mydb FROM DISK = ‘C:\backup\mydb.bak’;

A stored procedure is a precompiled SQL program that is stored in the database and can be executed repeatedly by calling it. It helps in reusability, security, and efficiency by reducing the need for repetitive query execution. Explanation: A stored procedure consists of SQL statements that can be executed as a unit. It is beneficial…