White box testing examines internal code structure, logic, and flow to find defects. Explanation: Example (Python Unit Test): import unittestdef add(x, y): return x + yclass TestAddition(unittest.TestCase): def test_add(self): self.assertEqual(add(2, 3), 5)if __name__ == “__main__”: unittest.main()

Black box testing is a testing method that evaluates software functionality without accessing internal code. Explanation: Example:

A test plan is a document outlining the testing scope, strategy, objectives, and timeline. Explanation: Key Components of a Test Plan:

A test case is a set of conditions and steps used to verify whether a software feature works as expected. Explanation: Example Test Case: Test ID Description Input Expected Output Result TC001 Login with valid user User1 Success message Passed TC002 Login with wrong password User1, wrong pass Error message Failed

Bug tracking is the process of identifying, recording, and managing software defects. Explanation: Bug Lifecycle:

CI/CD is a DevOps practice that automates software integration, testing, and deployment. Explanation: Benefits:

GitHub is a web-based Git repository hosting service that provides tools for collaborative software development. Explanation: Example Workflow: Advantages:

Git is a distributed version control system (DVCS) used to track code changes and manage collaborative software development. Explanation: Example Git Commands: git init # Initialize a repositorygit add . # Add all changesgit commit -m “Update” # Commit changesgit push origin main # Push changes to remote repo

Version control is a system that tracks changes to code over time, allowing multiple developers to collaborate efficiently. Explanation: Benefits:

Code review is a systematic examination of source code to identify bugs, improve quality, and ensure adherence to coding standards before merging changes into a project. Explanation: Best Practices: