ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a network layer protocol used to send error messages, diagnostics, and operational queries. Elaboration: Example: A ping command uses ICMP to check the availability of a host: bashCopyEditping google.com

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a connection-oriented transport layer protocol that ensures reliable, ordered, and error-checked data transmission. Elaboration: Example: Web browsing, file downloads, and secure email transmissions rely on TCP. Code Example: (TCP Client) pythonCopyEditimport socket client = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) client.connect((“example.com”, 80)) client.send(b”GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: example.com\r\n\r\n”) print(client.recv(1024).decode()) client.close()

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless transport layer protocol that sends data without establishing a connection, making it fast but unreliable. Elaboration: Example: Online multiplayer games like PUBG or Fortnite use UDP for real-time data transmission. Code Example: (Simple UDP Server) pythonCopyEditimport socket server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM) server.bind((“0.0.0.0”, 12345)) data, addr = server.recvfrom(1024) print(f”Received…

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is an internet standard protocol used for sending and relaying emails between mail servers. Elaboration: Example: When you send an email via Gmail, your client uses SMTP to send the message to the recipient’s mail server. Code Example: (Sending an email using Python’s smtplib) pythonCopyEditimport smtplib server = smtplib.SMTP(“smtp.example.com”, 587)…

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server. Elaboration: Example: Uploading a website’s files to a hosting server using an FTP client like FileZilla.

HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data using SSL/TLS, protecting communication from eavesdropping and tampering. Elaboration: Example: Online banking sites like https://bank.com use HTTPS to protect sensitive transactions.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is an application-layer protocol used for transferring hypertext (webpages) over the internet. Elaboration: Example: Accessing a webpage via http://example.com sends an HTTP request to the server.

A protocol is a set of rules that define how data is transmitted, formatted, and processed in a network. Elaboration: Example: When you send an email, protocols like SMTP (sending), IMAP (retrieving), and POP3 handle the process.

A packet is a unit of data transmitted over a network, containing a header (control information) and a payload (actual data). Elaboration: Example: A webpage request (HTTP GET) is broken into packets before being sent across the internet.

A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined security rules. Elaboration: Example: A company’s firewall blocks unauthorized access to its internal network while allowing legitimate traffic.