Ethernet is a wired networking technology that allows devices to communicate within a local area network (LAN) using physical cables. Elaboration: Example: A desktop computer is connected to a router using an Ethernet cable for a stable internet connection.

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication technology used for exchanging data between devices over a short distance. Elaboration: Example: A user connects their wireless headphones to a smartphone via Bluetooth.

Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices to connect to the internet using radio waves instead of wired connections. Elaboration: Example: A smartphone connects to the home Wi-Fi network using a router that provides internet access.

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are cryptographic protocols that encrypt data transmission over networks to ensure security and privacy. Elaboration: Example: A bank’s website (https://bank.com) uses TLS to encrypt user transactions, ensuring security. To check a website’s certificate:

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps an IP address to a device’s MAC address within a local network. Elaboration: Example: If a computer wants to communicate with 192.168.1.1, it uses ARP to find the MAC address associated with that IP. To check the ARP table on Windows, run: arp -a

A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a unique identifier assigned to a device’s network interface card (NIC) for communication within a local network. Elaboration: Example: A laptop’s Wi-Fi adapter has a unique MAC address used by routers to assign local network IPs. To find your MAC address on Windows, run: bashCopyEditipconfig /all

IP Routing is the process of determining the best path for data packets to travel across networks using IP addresses. Elaboration: Example: When you visit www.example.com, routers determine the best path for your request to reach the website’s server.

Ping is a network diagnostic tool that measures the round-trip time (RTT) it takes for a packet to travel to a destination and return. Elaboration: Example: Using the ping command in a terminal: ping google.com This checks how fast your computer can communicate with Google’s servers.

Latency is the time delay between when a data packet is sent and when it is received, usually measured in milliseconds (ms). Elaboration: Example: A video call with high latency (above 100ms) leads to noticeable lag between speech and response.

Bandwidth is the maximum rate at which data can be transferred over a network connection in a given period, typically measured in bits per second (bps). Elaboration: Example: A 100 Mbps broadband connection can theoretically transfer 100 megabits of data per second.