Refactoring is the process of improving code structure without changing its functionality. Elaboration: Example (Before & After Refactoring in Python): Before: python def calculate_area(length, width): return length * widthdef calculate_perimeter(length, width): return 2 * (length + width) After (Refactored): class Rectangle: def __init__(self, length, width): self.length = length self.width = width def area(self): return self.length…

Cohesion refers to how strongly related and focused the functions within a module are. Elaboration: Example:

Coupling is the degree of dependency between software modules. Elaboration: Example:

A Design Pattern is a reusable solution to common software design problems. Elaboration: Example (Singleton Pattern in Java): public class Singleton { private static Singleton instance; private Singleton() {} public static Singleton getInstance() { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton(); } return instance; }}

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is a methodology that focuses on using objects and classes to model real-world entities in software design. Elaboration: Example: A Library Management System can be modeled using Book, Member, and Library classes, where:

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized visual modeling language used to design, specify, construct, and document software systems. Elaboration: Example (Class Diagram): A UML class diagram representing a Bank Account system: +——————+| BankAccount |+——————+| -accountNumber || -balance |+——————+| +deposit() || +withdraw() |+——————+

A Use Case Diagram is a UML diagram that represents interactions between users and a system. Elaboration: Example: A Login System use case diagram includes User (actor), Login Process, and Authentication System.

SRS is a document that defines the functional and non-functional requirements of a software project. Elaboration: Example: An SRS for a hospital management system details appointment scheduling, patient records, and billing.

Regression Testing checks if new code changes have broken existing functionalities. Elaboration: Example: Running automated Selenium tests after updating an e-commerce checkout system.

Acceptance Testing ensures software meets business requirements and is ready for end-user deployment. Elaboration: Example: A client tests CRM software before rolling it out to sales teams.