Explanation:The RSA algorithm is one of the most widely used asymmetric encryption algorithms, named after its inventors Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. It secures data transmission by generating public and private key pairs. The security of RSA is based on the mathematical difficulty of factoring large composite numbers. The algorithm supports both encryption…
Explanation:Symmetric encryption is a cryptographic technique where the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting data. This method is efficient and fast, making it suitable for large volumes of data. The sender and receiver must securely share the same secret key to use symmetric encryption. Popular symmetric encryption algorithms include AES (Advanced Encryption…
Explanation: Cryptography is the science of securing information by transforming it into an unreadable format using mathematical algorithms. This ensures that only authorized individuals can access and understand the information. The primary goals of cryptography are confidentiality, integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. Cryptographic techniques are commonly used in secure communications, online transactions, and data storage. Modern…
Bus topology is a network setup where all devices share a single central communication cable (bus). Elaboration: Example: Older Ethernet networks used a coaxial bus topology, where all computers connected to a single cable.
Mesh topology is a network design where each device connects to multiple other devices, ensuring high reliability. Elaboration: Example: A wireless mesh network (WMN) in smart cities, where multiple Wi-Fi routers interconnect for seamless coverage.
Hub-and-Spoke topology is a network design where multiple devices (spokes) connect to a central hub, which manages communication. Elaboration: Example: A corporate VPN where branch offices (spokes) connect to a central headquarters (hub).
The TCP/IP model is a four-layer networking model used for internet communication, consisting of Application, Transport, Internet, and Network Interface layers. Elaboration: Example: When you send an email, the TCP/IP stack ensures the message is transmitted and received correctly over the internet.
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a 128-bit addressing system designed to replace IPv4 and support a vast number of unique addresses. Elaboration: Example: A typical IPv6 address looks like this: 2001:0db8:85a3::8a2e:0370:7334 Most modern devices and ISPs now support IPv6.
IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) is a 32-bit addressing system used to uniquely identify devices on a network. Elaboration: Example: A typical IPv4 address looks like this: 192.168.1.1 This is often used for local networks and router configurations.
The Application Layer (Layer 7 of the OSI model) provides the interface for end-users and applications to communicate over a network. Elaboration: Example: When you visit a website, the Application Layer (HTTP/HTTPS) ensures that web content is displayed correctly in your browser.