GitHub is a web-based Git repository hosting service that provides tools for collaborative software development. Explanation: Example Workflow: Advantages:

Git is a distributed version control system (DVCS) used to track code changes and manage collaborative software development. Explanation: Example Git Commands: git init # Initialize a repositorygit add . # Add all changesgit commit -m “Update” # Commit changesgit push origin main # Push changes to remote repo

Version control is a system that tracks changes to code over time, allowing multiple developers to collaborate efficiently. Explanation: Benefits:

Code review is a systematic examination of source code to identify bugs, improve quality, and ensure adherence to coding standards before merging changes into a project. Explanation: Best Practices:

Refactoring is the process of improving code structure without changing its functionality. Elaboration: Example (Before & After Refactoring in Python): Before: python def calculate_area(length, width): return length * widthdef calculate_perimeter(length, width): return 2 * (length + width) After (Refactored): class Rectangle: def __init__(self, length, width): self.length = length self.width = width def area(self): return self.length…

Cohesion refers to how strongly related and focused the functions within a module are. Elaboration: Example:

Coupling is the degree of dependency between software modules. Elaboration: Example:

A Design Pattern is a reusable solution to common software design problems. Elaboration: Example (Singleton Pattern in Java): public class Singleton { private static Singleton instance; private Singleton() {} public static Singleton getInstance() { if (instance == null) { instance = new Singleton(); } return instance; }}

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) is a methodology that focuses on using objects and classes to model real-world entities in software design. Elaboration: Example: A Library Management System can be modeled using Book, Member, and Library classes, where:

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standardized visual modeling language used to design, specify, construct, and document software systems. Elaboration: Example (Class Diagram): A UML class diagram representing a Bank Account system: +——————+| BankAccount |+——————+| -accountNumber || -balance |+——————+| +deposit() || +withdraw() |+——————+