A class is a blueprint for creating objects in object-oriented programming (OOP). It defines the properties (attributes) and behaviors (methods) that objects created from the class will have. In essence, a class provides a template for creating instances of that class (known as objects), where each object holds its own set of data and can…

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of “objects,” which are instances of classes. OOP allows developers to structure code in a way that mirrors real-world entities, making it easier to model complex systems. The four key principles of OOP are encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction. These principles help developers build…

Inheritance is a fundamental concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that allows a class to inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from another class. This promotes code reuse and establishes a relationship between classes. In inheritance, the class that inherits properties is called the subclass (or child class), while the class being inherited from is called the…

Polymorphism is an object-oriented programming (OOP) concept that allows objects of different classes to be treated as instances of the same class through a common interface. The term “polymorphism” comes from the Greek words “poly” (meaning many) and “morph” (meaning form), signifying the ability of one entity to take many forms. In programming, polymorphism allows…

Encapsulation is the concept of bundling data (variables) and methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit called a class. This is a key principle of object-oriented programming (OOP) and helps to hide the internal details of an object from the outside world. Encapsulation promotes the idea of “data hiding,” which means…

Abstraction is a concept in object-oriented programming (OOP) that hides the complex implementation details of a system and exposes only the essential features or functionalities to the user. The goal of abstraction is to simplify interaction with complex systems by providing a clear interface and allowing users to interact with objects at a higher level…

Recursion is a programming technique where a function calls itself to solve smaller instances of a problem. It is often used to break down complex problems into simpler, more manageable tasks. In a recursive function, there is typically a base case that stops the function from calling itself indefinitely, ensuring that the function eventually terminates.…

A string is a sequence of characters used to represent text in programming. Strings are one of the most commonly used data types in any programming language and are fundamental for working with text-based data, such as user input, file handling, and communication between systems. In most languages, strings are enclosed in quotation marks (either…

A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Pointers are fundamental in languages like C and C++, where they allow direct manipulation of memory, giving developers fine-grained control over data storage and retrieval. Pointers enable efficient memory management, dynamic memory allocation, and facilitate the creation of complex data structures like…

An array is a data structure that allows you to store multiple values of the same type in a single variable. Arrays are used to organize and manage large sets of data efficiently by providing quick access to individual elements via their index or position. For example, an array can store a collection of integers,…