A queue is a linear data structure that follows the First In, First Out (FIFO) principle. In a queue, the first element added is the first to be removed, similar to a queue at a checkout line where customers are served in the order they arrived. Queues are used in scenarios where data needs to…

A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last In, First Out (LIFO) principle. This means that the most recently added element is the first to be removed. Stacks are often used in algorithms that require tracking of function calls, managing execution contexts, or evaluating expressions. Operations on a stack typically include push…

An ArrayList is a dynamic data structure in many programming languages, such as Java, that allows for the storage of an ordered collection of items. Unlike arrays, which have a fixed size, an ArrayList can grow or shrink dynamically as elements are added or removed. This makes it a more flexible alternative for handling collections…

Exception handling is a mechanism in programming that allows a program to respond to runtime errors, or “exceptions,” in a controlled and predictable way. Instead of causing the program to crash when an error occurs, exception handling allows developers to define custom actions to take when certain errors are detected, such as logging the error,…

Overriding is a feature in object-oriented programming where a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. This allows the subclass to modify or extend the behavior of the inherited method, providing more specialized functionality. Method overriding is a key aspect of polymorphism, as it allows an object…

Overloading is a concept in object-oriented programming where two or more methods or functions share the same name but differ in the number or type of their parameters. This allows for greater flexibility, as a single method can perform different tasks based on the input it receives. Overloading is commonly used with constructors and methods…

A destructor is a special method in object-oriented programming that is automatically invoked when an object is destroyed or goes out of scope. The main role of a destructor is to perform clean-up tasks, such as releasing resources like memory, file handles, or database connections that were acquired during the object’s lifetime. Destructors help prevent…

A constructor is a special type of method in object-oriented programming that is automatically called when an object is created from a class. The primary purpose of a constructor is to initialize the newly created object, typically by setting the initial values of its attributes or performing setup operations necessary for the object to function…

An object is an instance of a class in object-oriented programming (OOP). It represents a specific entity created based on the blueprint (class) defined earlier. Objects contain both attributes (also known as properties or fields) and methods (functions or procedures) that define their behavior. For example, if you have a class Car, an object of…