Memory management is a core function of the operating system responsible for the allocation, deallocation, and optimization of primary memory (RAM). It ensures that processes have sufficient memory to execute while maximizing system efficiency and stability.

Memory Management refers to the process by which an operating system manages computer memory, allocating it to processes and ensuring its optimal utilization. Formally, memory management is defined as a set of techniques for controlling the allocation, deallocation, and efficient use of memory space in a system. It includes memory addressing, protection, allocation strategies (e.g., paging, segmentation), and the management of virtual memory to ensure processes are isolated and resources are used efficiently.

The OS tracks available and allocated memory using data structures like memory maps and manages memory through techniques such as segmentation and paging. Virtual memory further enhances memory management by allowing processes to use disk storage when physical memory is insufficient.

Effective memory management prevents fragmentation, improves system performance, and ensures process isolation. It plays a key role in multitasking environments, enabling concurrent process execution.